Throttling Skype bandwidth on macOS

I'm a full-time remote worker, with all of my teammates located together in the office. To help maintain close communication with my team, I have a "telepresence" Skype call with the office that's always on, so my teammates and I can see and talk to one another.

We're currently using Microsoft's Skype as our videoconferencing solution, as it is the only one I've found that (1) works reasonably reliably; (2) supports auto-answer (so I can activate the call without someone in the office needing to manually answer it every day); and (3) is free.

Unfortunately, as with many Americans -- particularly in localities where only a single company provides high-speed land-line Internet -- my Internet service provider recently started imposing a bandwidth cap on my monthly Internet usage. My cap is 1000 GB per month. Between my job, and my family's normal Internet usage, we've been either coming close to, or exceeding, that cap on a regular basis.

As one part of a strategy to try and keep my home's Internet usage under the cap, I looked into how much bandwidth that always-on Skype call was using. Using the Network tab of my macOS copy of Activity Monitor, it turns out that it was quite a bit: An average of around 350 KB per second (with peaks over 400 KB/sec).

Over the course of the typical 6 hours per day where my team (Pacific Time / GMT -8) and I (Eastern Time / GMT -5) are both online, that works out to about 7.5 GB per day; which in turn works out to about 150 GB over a 4-week period where I'm in the office 5 days per week.

Unfortunately, macOS 10.14 Mojave does not provide an out-of-the-box a way to limit the bandwidth used by a particular application.

Skype for Mac (version 8.39) itself also doesn't provide a quality slider or other rate limiter; it always appears to consume as much as it can.

Complicating matters, Skype 8 also doesn't specify or allow configuration of which specific TCP ports it uses, for possible QoS throttling at the router.  Per a page on the Skype support site, Skype might be using TCP ports anywhere in the range 1000 through 65000.

After a fair amount of research and dead ends, the working solution that I finally landed on was the free version of a software package named Murus, which provides a GUI wrapper around the Packet Filter firewall functionality that comes with macOS.

My Murus configuration is based on a very helpful post on the Murus forum by user "hany".  The variant of hany's instructions that I used is as follows:

1. Install Murus.
2. In the main Murus window, in the "Services Library" pane, add a new custom service named "Skype" (or whatever you like). 
3. In the Ports field, enter 10000:22465, and then on a new line, 22467:65000.  (I excluded port 22466 because per Slack Support, that port is used for Slack calls, and I wanted those to remain highest quality.)

4. Drag the new service to the "Managed Inbound Services" pane.
5. On your new Skype service, click the little speedometer-looking icon to bring up the Bandwidth dialog.
6. Set your desired values for the Upload Bandwidth and Download Bandwidth. I found that values of 768 Kb/second resulted in very usable (if slightly blurry) Skype calls.

7. Press Cmd-S (or select Firewall > Save Configuration from the top menu).
8. Click the Play icon button in the top toolbar of the Murus window to start limiting bandwidth. (Press the Stop icon button again later to turn the throttling off again.)
9. I have found that I sometimes need to quit and restart Skype to see the changes take effect, while observing the bandwidth usage in Activity Monitor.

This is admittedly a non-ideal, somewhat brute force solution, since it affects not only Skype, but any application running on the computer using TCP or UDP ports in the 10000+ range.

However, it has proven to be effective: With this Murus configuration running, Activity Monitor shows my incoming (download) Skype bandwidth dropped to around 80 KB/sec.

That works out to about 34.5 GB of usage over a typical 6-hour-day, 20-day work month -- a savings of some 115 GB over running with no throttling over the course of the month, representing an 12% or so usage reduction in my imposed 1000 GB/month cap.  Not incredible, but not terrible, either!

Thank you to the Murus team for the software; to "hany" for the posted on the Murus forum that helped me with this solution... and to my local ISP monopoly for the opportunity to undertake this interesting learning experience!

America’s National Parks and Net Neutrality

My family and I were fortunate enough this past month to be able to take an eighteen-day road trip to some of the United States’ incredible national parks and monuments, including Badlands, Devil’s Tower, Yellowstone, Grand Teton, and Mount Rushmore. 

 

I’ve taken away from that trip an appreciation of the historical efforts by individuals like John Muir and Theodore Roosevelt to legally establish what has since been called “America’s best idea”: The preservation of these uniquely beautiful areas by inventing their designation as National Parks.  This protects them for the enjoyment of the public from ownership by corporations which might charge high prices for admission, or build tourist attractions right in among the natural wonders.

During the trip, a parallel with the “ownerless” national parks occurred to me: The World Wide Web.  In similar fashion to how anyone can visit and enjoy the national parks, the Web is also effectively a platform with no corporate owner, in that anyone can set up a new page or site without needing permission from a corporation.

One of the key reasons that the Web works so well is that Internet Service Providers – the companies like Comcast and Verizon that we pay for Internet connections – aren’t currently permitted (at least in the U.S.) to restrict access to certain websites.  For example, Comcast isn’t allowed to make a deal with Google to allow you to connect to the Google+ site for free, but charge you extra to allow you to connect to Facebook.  This principle is called net neutrality.

Net neutrality is really important for the emergence of innovative new online services, too.  A new “like Netflix, but better!” startup business might very well have trouble even getting off the ground if Netflix itself could strike a deal with ISPs to greatly slow the Internet speed of new streaming video sites.

This all is relevant right now because the FCC is planning to significantly roll back net neutrality rules. This would open up actions like the above examples to ISP companies, which, understandably, will simply make whatever deals will generate the most profit.

Among ordinary citizens, one might expect that net neutrality should enjoy broad popular support across the political spectrum, both left and right -- and it does! After all, perhaps aside from ISP company executives, who wouldn’t want fast and unrestricted access to any website that they might choose to visit?

Next week on July 12, 2017, a great many websites are participating in an Internet-wide Day of Action to save net neutrality.  You can learn more and join the action here: https://www.battleforthenet.com/july12

I’m hoping that the July 12 day of action helps our congress, as well as the general public, an understanding that our unique, shared “natural resource” of the Internet deserves the same sort of legally-guaranteed protection of open access for all that our wonderful public national parks enjoy.

Going cheap on services… and liking it!

My family and I moved into a new home south of Grand Rapids in western Michigan over the summer.  Since living here, we’ve made a conscious effort to limit the monthly cost of our “big four” services: Cell phones, “land line” phone line, broadband Internet, and TV.  This is how we’re doing currently:

Service	Monthly Cost
Cell phones (2)	$16.67
Phone (land line)	$0.00
Broadband Internet	$19.95
HDTV	$0.00
Monthly Total (all services)	$36.62
Annual Total (all services)	$439.40

So: A land line phone, 2 cell phones, Internet service, and HDTV for less than $40/month; not bad!  Read on for the details.

Cell Phones

My wife Melissa and I both carry cell phones.  Typical month-to-month voice plans run $70 and up for a 2-line “family plan,” but for over a year now, we’ve avoid that cost by using pre-paid plans.  At the time that we dropped our prior month-to-month plan, Melissa did some research on where we could get the most bang for our buck with a pre-paid plan.

We landed on a plan from Alltel offering $0.15/minute calls with no other fees, and prepaid minutes good for a full 365 days when the minutes are purchased in increments of at least $100 (per phone).  So, once per year, we drop $100 on minutes for each of our phones (so $200 total), and we’re good for another year!  It works out to a monthly cost of $100/12 = $8.33/month per phone, or a combined $16.67/month for both.

With Alltel recently having been acquired by Verizon, though, the $0.15/minute prepaid plan is unfortunately apparently no longer available for new customers.  The cheapest flat-rate prepaid plan Verizon is advertising on their site currently is a $0.25/minute plan; there’s probably another wireless provider out there with a better deal.  Fortunately for Melissa and I, though, Verizon has so far continued to honor Alltel’s $0.15/min rate for us, at least for the time being!

The only real downside to this approach has been that our $100/year per phone, with calls running $0.15/minute, buys us just 100/0.15 = 667 minutes of talking per phone – that’s only 56 minutes per month.  Limiting our cell phone use to “emergency” or other quick-duration calls, we haven’t had a problem staying under this modest limit yet, though.  (And even if we do have to buy extra minutes before an entire year has elapsed, we’re still coming out way ahead compared to a month-to-month plan.  Verizon, for one, apparently realizes this, because on their “Plans” page, virtually the entire page is dedicated to marketing their month-to-month plans, with “Prepaid Plans” showing up as just one small link in the corner.  Nice!)

Home Phone (land line)

Since we don’t use our cell phones for any “real” conversations, Melissa needs another way to call her Mom and her friends and chat!  Even though the new normal for many households is to have no land line at all and use cell phones exclusively, we’ve found that it’s working very well for us to use a VoIP solution that comes with no monthly fee at all: A device called Ooma. 

The first I’d heard of Ooma was when my Dad told me about it just a few months ago, shortly after my family’s move into the new house.  It’s similar to MagicJack in that it’s a “voice over IP” service that you can use “traditional” home phones with and has no ongoing monthly fee; but Ooma differs from MagicJack in that Ooma doesn’t require that the device be connected to a PC (and requires that it’s own software be running on that PC at all times for the phone to work).  Ooma instead plugs directly into a cable modem/DSL modem or router.

Ooma has a somewhat steep up-front cost; currently, it’s going for $215 on Amazon.com. However, with a $0 ongoing monthly cost for the life of the device, the break-even point comes up very quickly relative to a $35+/month traditional phone bill (about 6 months, or less) – it’s pure profit after that!

Ooma has been working really great for Melissa and I so far.  Even over our somewhat piddly 768k/384k DSL connection (more on that below), call quality on both ends is crystal clear – I’d characterize it as being as good as a traditional land line, and better than a typical cell phone – and it has yet to drop a call. 

With the Ooma device plugged directly into the DSL modem, phone calls work fine even when someone is using the Internet on the PC, since Ooma does it’s own QoS (quality-of-service) management on any devices plugged in to the network downstream of it.  I have my Ooma hub plugged directly into my DSL modem, and my router plugged into the Ooma hub (so Ooma sits between the modem and the router), and I’ve found this setup to work just fine, both for phone calls and for my PC and other Internet-connected devices.

Broadband Internet

As I mentioned earlier, I have AT&T 768k down / 384k up DSL Internet connection, for which I’m paying $19.95/month – even though I don’t have phone service through AT&T!  In many regions now, apparently, AT&T (and other DSL providers) offer what is called “dry loop” service, where you can get DSL even if you don’t have land line phone service through the same company (or any land line phone number at all). 

Somewhat like Verizon and their “Prepaid Plans,” AT&T hides their $20/month plan in the fine print at the bottom of a page on which they much more prominently offer other plans at $35/month and up.  Even the $35/month figure, though, isn’t bad compared to the price offered by the local cable monopoly, Comcast, whose most inexpensive Internet-only plan, at the time I researched Internet options for my new home, a few months ago – without also purchasing cable TV service – was $60/month!

Obviously 768k isn’t exactly blazing speed; large downloads take a while to complete, and the bandwidth isn’t sufficient for streaming high-def video (e.g. some YouTube movies).  The service has been reliable, though, and I’ve found it to work perfectly well for email, browsing the web, gaming (even with both Melissa and I playing simultaneously on separate PCs), VoIP via Ooma (as described above), and even videoconferencing via the free Google Video Chat with my Dad in Florida.  It also works for me, for large downloads, to just kick off the download before bed and pick up the file in the morning.  (Or, at least, it works well enough for me not to feel too bad about pocketing the difference of $480 that I saved at the end of the year by not going with the faster Comcast service!)

HDTV

My family just last week, finally, joined the ranks of the HD-enabled: We picked up a 32-inch 720p HDTV.  Previously, the only TV we had in the house was an old “analog” TV that couldn’t receive TV signals, and unfortunately I didn’t jump on the deal to pick up one of the U.S. government digital converter box coupons – now unavailable – that were being passed out for free before the U.S. digital TV transition back in June.  So, we’ve had no TV at all since moving into our the new house earlier this year.  (Admittedly, this was more a burden on the rest of the family than on me, since I tend to spend my free time on the PC, playing games, or reading, rather than in front of the TV.)

Now that we have a TV capable of receiving digital over-the-air signals, I ordered an HDTV antenna from Amazon – an inexpensive RCA ANT1400M Flat HDTV Antenna (currently going for $25) – and it’s been working great!  After some brief fiddling with the antenna – I ended up getting the best results by propping up the flat antenna at about a 30-degree angle, rather than either leaving it flat on the tabletop, or standing it up vertically – we get NBC, CBS, FOX, and ABC, all in great-looking HD.  (We get about a dozen other digital stations, too, including some that I’d never even heard of, such as the kids’ station qubo.)  It was nice to sit and watch some football at home (in HD!) this past Sunday after getting the antenna hooked up for the first time – having the $0/month ongoing cost in the back of my mind certainly didn’t detract from the enjoyment.  :-)

So basically, I’m cheap – but I like it that way

I’ve got the four major “bundle” services running now for a combined cost of less than $40/month – but obviously with some caveats:

• We have two cell phones – but they’re for limited/emergency use only
• We have broadband Internet – but only 768k downstream
• We have HDTV – but only the major networks, plus a dozen or so other random stations
• We have home phone service - (actually, no real caveat here, it works just fine!)

I can live with those caveats, though, in light of this chart – repeated from the top of this post, but updated to include a comparison to some of the other service options I mentioned:

Service	Provider	Monthly Cost	Provider	Monthly Cost
Cell phones (2)	Alltel Prepaid (grandfathered)	$16.67	Verizon Family "basic" plan (cheapest advertised 2-phone plan on the Verizon site)	$69.99
Phone (land line)	Ooma	$0.00	None ("Who needs a land line anymore?")	$0.00
Broadband Internet	AT&T dry loop, 768k down	$19.95	Comcast Economy Internet, 1M down (cheapest advertised Internet plan; bundle with Comcast cable TV required to get rate)	$24.95
HDTV	Digital TV + RCA ANT1400M Antenna	$0.00	Digital TV + Comcast Digital Preferred (cheapest advertised rate; non-"introductory" ongoing rate)	$74.94
Monthly Total (all services)		$36.62		$169.88
Annual Total (all services)		$439.40		$2038.56
Annual Savings		$1599.16		--

So, yeah: I’m cheap, and the services I’ve got do include a few “caveats”… but that extra $1600 in my pocket at the end of every year works out to the equivalent of quite a few dinner dates out at a restaurant for Melissa and I.  :-)